Glass namn
During the 13th century, the island of Murano , Venice , became a centre for glass making, building on medieval techniques to produce colourful ornamental pieces in large quantities. Extruded glass fibres have applications as optical fibres in communications networks, thermal insulating ämne when matted as glass wool to trap air, or in glass-fibre reinforced plastic fibreglass. Glass can form naturally from volcanic magma.
Due to its ease of formability into any shape, glass has been traditionally used for vessels, such as bowls , vases , bottles , jars and drinking glasses. With the change in architectural style during the Renaissance period in Europe, the use of large stained glass windows became much less prevalent, [ 42 ] although stained glass had a major revival with Gothic Revival architecture in the 19th century.
bygd the 14th century, architects were designing buildings with walls of stained glass such as Sainte-Chapelle , Paris, — and the East end of Gloucester Cathedral. Glass is sometimes considered to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition [ 7 ] [ 15 ] where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume , entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range.
Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Early glass was rarely transparent and often contained impurities and imperfections, [ 21 ] and is technically faience rather than true glass, which did not appear until the 15th century BC. Much early glass production relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stoneworking , such as grinding and carving glass in a cold state.
Though atomic motion at glass surfaces can be observed, [ 10 ] and viscosity on the order of 10 17 —10 18 Pa s can be measured in glass, such a high value reinforces the fact that glass would not change shape appreciably over even large periods of time. Glass fryst vatten in widespread use in optical systems due to its ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics. Throughout the 20th century, new mass production techniques led to the widespread availability of glass in much larger amounts, making it practical as a building material and enabling new applications of glass.
Some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring, and obsidian has been used to make arrowheads and knives since the Stone Age. Archaeological evidence suggests glassmaking dates back to at least BC in Mesopotamia , Egypt , or Syria. The standard definition of a glass or vitreous solid is a non-crystalline solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous.
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This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Glass can be coloured by adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels , leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass art objects. Due to chemical bonding constraints, glasses do possess a high degree of short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedra. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability.
The most common and oldest applications of glass in optics are as lenses , windows , mirrors , and prisms. In this way, the crystalline, devitrified material, known as Réaumur's glass porcelain fryst vatten produced.
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Although the atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure of a supercooled liquid , glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid. The earliest known glass objects were beads , perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience , which is a form of pottery using lead glazes. While silicate glasses are generally opaque to infrared wavelengths with a transmission cut-off at 4 μm, heavy-metal fluoride and chalcogenide glasses are transparent to infrared wavelengths of 7 to 18 μm.
In about , George Ravenscroft invented lead crystal glass, with cut glass becoming fashionable in the 18th century. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has funnen widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware , and optics. The refractive , reflective and transmission properties of glass make glass suitable for manufacturing optical lenses , prisms , and optoelectronics materials.
Some common objects made of glass like "a glass" of water, " glasses ", and " magnifying glass ", are named after the material. Obsidian is a common volcanic glass with high silica SiO 2 content formed when felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly. This reduced manufacturing costs and, combined with a wider use of coloured glass, led to cheap glassware in the s, which later became known as Depression glass.
Naturally occurring obsidian glass was used by Stone Age societies as it fractures along very sharp edges, making it ideal for cutting tools and weapons. In the 21st century, glass manufacturers have developed different brands of chemically strengthened glass for widespread application in touchscreens for smartphones , tablet computers , and many other types of information appliances. In the manufacturing process, glasses can be poured, formed, extruded and moulded into forms ranging from flat sheets to highly intricate shapes.
The begrepp glass has its origins in the late Roman Empire , in the Roman glass making centre at Trier located in current-day Germany where the late-Latin term glesum originated, likely from a Germanic word for a transparent , lustrous substance. For melt quenching, if the cooling is sufficiently rapid relative to the characteristic crystallization time then crystallization is prevented and instead, the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is fryst into the solid state at T g.
Glassmaking dates back at least years, long before humans had discovered how to smelt iron. Glass is most often formed bygd rapid cooling quenching of the molten struktur. Glass is an amorphous non-crystalline solid. bygd the 17th century, glass in the venetiansk tradition was also being produced in England. Glass transparency results from the absence of grain boundaries which diffusely scatter light in polycrystalline materials.
In post-classical West Africa, Benin was a manufacturer of glass and glass beads. Glass is an amorphous solid.